Messenger rna ribosomal rna

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Mrna translation (advanced)

The job of the mRNA is to carry the gene's message from the DNA out of the nucleus to a ribosome for production of the particular protein that this gene codes for. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT The job of this mRNA is to carry the genes message from the DNA out of the nuceus to a ribosome for production of the particular protein that this gene codes for. There can be several million ribosomes in a typical eukaryotic cell these complex catalytic machines use the mrna copy of the genetic information to assemble amino acid building blokes into the three dimensional proteins that are essential for life. Lets see how it works. The ribosome is composed of one large and one small sub-unit that assemble around the messenger RNA, which then passes through the ribosome like a computer tape. The amino acid building blocks (that's the small glowing red molecules) are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNAs. That's the larger green molecules also referred to as tRNA. The small sub-unit of the ribosome positions the mRNA so that it can be read in groups of three letters known as a codon. Each codon on the mRNA matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a transfer RNA molecule.The larger sub-unit of the ribosome removes each amino acid and join it onto the growing protein chain. As the mRNA is ratcheted through the ribosome, the mRNA sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence. There are three locations inside the ...
Category: Education
Length: 00:02:18
Tags: messenger rna ribosomal rna sequence of amino acids .

Forsdyke evolution academy 01-38 ribosomal rna stammers

The second of a series of 18 videos on Introns and Exons from a historical perspective
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Length: 00:12:35.250
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Mrna translation (basic)

Originally created for DNA Interactive ( www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT When the RNA copy is complete, it snakes out into the outer part of the cell. Then in a dazzling display of choreography, all the components of a molecular machine lock together around the RNA to form a miniature factory called a ribosome. It translates the genetic information in the RNA into a string of amino acids that will become a protein. Special transfer molecules, the green triangles, bring each amino acid to the ribosome. The amino acids are the small red tips attached to the transfer molecules. There are different transfer molecules for each of the twenty amino acids. Each transfer molecule carries a three letter code that is matched with the RNA in the machine. Now we come to the heart of the process. Inside the ribosome, the RNA is pulled through like a tape. The code for each amino acid is read off, three letters at a time, and matched to three corresponding letters on the transfer molecules. When the right transfer molecule plugs in, the amino acid it carries is added to the growing protein chain. Again, you are watching this in real time. And after a few seconds the assembled protein starts to emerge from the ribosome. Ribosomes can make any kind of protein. It just depends what genetic message you feed in on the RNA. In this case, the end product is hemoglobin. The cells in our bone marrow churn out a hundred trillion molecules of it per second! And as a result, our muscles, brain and all ...
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Length: 00:01:33.750
Tags: messenger rna ribosomal rna sequence of amino acids .

Interactive 3d ribosome

Ribosomes are organelles where proteins are synthesized. The consist of two thirds Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and one third protein. Ribosomes build proteins from the genetic instructions within messenger RNA (mRNA). In this activity you will have a chance to view a ribosome up close and identify the different components involved in creating a protein chain. Then you will have a chance to try and beat the clock and label the components. Visit www.navtech3d.com for more information.
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Length: 00:00:31.500
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This class never ends (chapter 6) - the biology song

HEY! DNA, RNA, rRNA, mRNA HEY! DNA, RNA, rRNA, mRNA HEY! Verse 1: One hour, youd think for sure, Thats all youve got to endure. The confusing facts about lipids and fats, So complicated, cant take any more. And then when, you get home that day, You turn on the TV and you say, Hey wait! This is the same stuff that I just learned today. I thought it was over. Aw thats just great! Chorus A: Just when you thought you-could get away from, Here comes endoplasmic reticulum. These two structures serve as a track To carry things to the membrane and back. Rough ER, ribosome-studded bends. The Smooth ER has detoxing trends. These things still help the cell to defend. This class never ends. DNA, RNA, rRNA, mRNA HEY! DNA, RNA, rRNA, mRNA HEY! Verse 2: Check out the cytoskeleton Made up of tubules and filaments. Holds the cell together and maintains its shape. Man, in this class its hard to stay awake. And the only thing that matters: DNA is twisted ladders. Located in the nucleus of our cells, And it is in fact, a very smart organelle. Bridge: Mitochondria: create energy. Ribosomes: synthesize proteins. Sends and receives: the Golgi apparatus. Rough and Smooth ER, Hadock throws these facts at us. Chorus B: The endomembrane system is just A pack of convenient things for us. Vacuoles, lysosomes, transport vesicles Golgi apparatus has cis/trans poles. And you still dont have the answer,
Category: Comedy
Length: 00:02:42.750
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The gene machine (1/3) - cracking the code episode 4

www.medicinema.com Medicinema Ltd. From the award winning science teaching series CRACKING THE CODE: The Continuing Saga of Genetics - 9 half hour films that cover the history and basic concepts of genetics - from Aristotle and Mendel through to the new DNA-based world of genomics and GM crops - in a fresh and entertaining style. Featuring original songs by Moxy Früvous Produced, written and directed by Jack Micay Major sponsor - The National Science Foundation Episode 4 - The Gene Machine We follow the steps by which the discovery of the double helix in 1953 quickly led to our understanding of how a gene produces a protein, using messenger RNA as the intermediary. The basics of transcription and translation are clearly explained using creative animation. Then in the 1960s came the actual cracking of the code that translates DNA codons into amino acids. We are guided by Sydney Brenner (the discoverer of the codon, messenger RNA and much else), Canadas own Nobel laureate, Michael Smith (in one of his last interviews) and Leroy Hood, the father of todays high tech DNA lab. This episode also covers the next leap forward - recombinant DNA or genetic engineering - and the initial alarm that this caused in the 1970s among the scientists themselves, which led to public protests against this new technology. Once these initial fears were dispelled, both the biotech industry and the new revolution in DNA technology began in earnest. Also features Nobel laureates Joshua Lederberg ...
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:07:51
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Macrolides: mechanisms of action and resistance

Developed and produced by www.MechanismsinMedicine.com Animation Description The DNA is shown as a circular double strand within the bacterial cell. Like the DNA of all living organisms, it contains the unique genetic code for all of the proteins required for bacterial survival. These include the proteins required for reproduction, growth, repair and regulation of metabolism. It also codes for the 3 kinds of RNA that are essential for carrying out protein synthesis. These are known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). In order for the bacteria to begin protein synthesis, the double-stranded DNA molecule must first unwind and separate in the region which codes for the specific protein that is to be made. Only one strand of the DNA serves as the template for this process known as transcription. Transcription results in the formation of messenger RNA (mRNA) which is a mirror copy of the DNA segment. Once the strand of mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA template and in turn become attached to ribosomes. Bacterial ribosomes are made of a small (30S) and a large (50S) subunit. After the 2 subunits join together around the strand of mRNA, synthesis of the polypeptide chain begins. This step involves the aligning of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules in sequence along the mRNA. Each tRNA carries a unique amino acid (determined by the sequence of the tRNA) which, when aligned along the mRNA and ribosome, join together to form the polypeptide ...
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Length: 00:04:35.250
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Mrna extraction from total rna

( www.abnova.com ) - Due to the low proportion of mRNA (only 1~5% of the total RNA), reducing the amount of rRNA and tRNA in a total RNA preparation increases the relative amount of mRNA. mRNA enrichment is essential for construction of cDNA libraries and other applications where intact mRNA is highly desirable. This video shows how to use affinity resin to isolate mRNA. More videos at Abnova http
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:02:52.500
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Rna interference (rnai): by nature video

RNA interference (RNAi) is an important process, used by many different organisms to regulate the activity of genes. This animation explains how RNAi works and introduces the two main players: small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). We take you on an audio-visual journey, diving into a cell to show how genes are transcribed to make messenger RNA (mRNA) and how RNAi can silence specific mRNAs to stop them from making proteins. The animation is based on the latest research, to give you an up-to-date view. If you'd like to know more about the structures and processes you see in this video, check out the accompanying slideshow: www.nature.com
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:03:50.250
Tags: transcription translation .

Mrna splicing

NDSU Virtual Cell Animations Project animation 'mRNA Splicing'. For more information please see vcell.ndsu.edu Before being used in translation, mRNA must be spliced. During splicing, introns are removed and the translatable exons that remain are spliced into a single strand of mRNA.
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Length: 00:02:11.250
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Ribosome and rna in protein synthesis

Our biology project on Protein synthesis and other organelles stuff: Ribosome goes on a quest to find his RNA, and gets stuck outside of the cell. OH NOES!
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Length: 00:05:25.500
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Mrna processing

NDSU Virtual Cell Animations Project animation 'mRNA Processing'. For more information please see vcell.ndsu.edu After being transcribed, mRNA is processed. Before mRNA can be spliced, certain features must be added. These alterations are made during mRNA processing.
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Length: 00:01:52.500
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Drhalasa

I am Ribosome RNA with P and A sites , my students are transfer RNA , their hands and feet's are anti-codons and their gloves and shoes are messenger RNA codons, the transfer RNA are carrying amino acids(papers) to the ribosome RNA and the messenger RNA
Category: People & Blogs
Length: 00:02:24
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Protein synthesis, dna translation, m-rna transcription

Animation of protein synthesis; DNA translation, m-RNA transcription in a ribosome, protection of the nascent protein from mis-folding with chaperones and folding of the protein in a chaperonin. Related articles DNA: marvellous messages or mostly mess?: creation.com Cell systems—what's really under the hood continues to drop jaws: creation.com Splicing and dicing the human genome: creation.com The genetic puppeteer: creation.com
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Length: 00:01:42
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Dna song

DNA Song. Here is a song I made for a student to help the study. I hope you enjoy! Here we go, genetic code, determines how you live Oh size, shape, color and all makes you who you is You should know the chromosomes has thousands of genes AT and GC makes types of proteins During synthesis, the cell uses info From a gene on a chromosome Out in the cytoplasm and on the ribosomes Info needs to get out the nucleus It's the DNA, in ya It's the genetic code, in ya Paring Nitrogen bases, in ya The double helix ladder, in ya Oohh Adenine goes with Thymine And Guanine pairs with Cytosine Matched pairs of DNA, bases How cells produce proteins Ooh, no, no, no Send, send, send the code out to the cytoplasm This genetic messenger is ribonucleic acid RNA, DNA, differ in many ways, yeah RNA molecules look like one side or strand Ribonucleic acid has a different sugar Has uracil instead of thymine Messenger RNA sends info out to the cytoplasm Transfer adds amino acids to proteins It's the DNA, in ya It's the genetic code, in ya Paring Nitrogen bases, in ya The double helix ladder, in ya Oohh Adenine goes with Thymine And Guanine pairs with Cytosine Matched pairs of DNA, bases How cells produce proteins Messenger RNA production Ooh, attaches to a ribosome Transfer attaches to messenger Ribosome releases, the completed protein chain But don't you know it's the DNA, in ya It's the genetic code, in ya Paring Nitrogen bases, in ya The double helix ladder, in ya Oooh Adenine goes with Thymine ...
Category: People & Blogs
Length: 00:02:45
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Mrna synthesis animation video

www.ppdictionary.com
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:01:01.500
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Dna, hot pockets, & the longest word ever: crashcourse biology #11

Hank imagines himself breaking into the Hot Pockets factory to steal their secret recipes and instruction manuals in order to help us understand how the processes known as DNA transcription and translation allow our cells to build proteins. Like CrashCourse on Facebook! www.facebook.com Follow CrashCourse on Twitter! www.twitter.com Table of Contents: 1) Transcription 2:12 A) Transcription Unit 3:00 B) Promoter 3:10 C) TATA Box 3:32 D) RNA Polymerase 4:12 E) mRNA 4:15 F) Termination signal 5:21 G) 5' Cap & Poly-A Tail 5:34 2) RNA Splicing 6:08 A) SNuRPs & Spliceosome 6:26 B) Exons & Introns 6:56 3) Translation 7:28 A) mRNA & tRNA 8:01 B) Triplet Codons & Anticodons 8:39 4) Folding & Protein Structure 10:51 A) Primary Structure 11:11 B) Secondary Structure 11:23 C) Tertiary Structure 11:58 D) Quaternary Structure 12:44 Links to episodes referenced in the video: DNA structure episode: www.youtube.com Animal cells episode: www.youtube.com Fold-it SciShow episode: www.youtube.com REFERENCES for this video can be found in the Google document here: dft.ba This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org: "IMPresora.wav" by melack "swishes.wav" by pogotron tags: crashcourse, science, biology, DNA, titin, hot pocket, transcription, translation, gene, RNA, enzyme, transcription unit, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, TATA box, DNA strand, mRNA, messenger RNA, RNA polymerase, uracil, termination signal, RNA splicing, SNuRPs, spliceosome, exons, introns, ribosome, tRNA ...
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Length: 00:10:36
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Bacterial ribosome translating rna into protein

This video is from Venki Ramakrishnan's group at the LMB in Cambridge, UK. It shows the ribosome in action, translating RNA into protein. Ramakrishnan won the 2009 Nobel prize for chemistry for his role in working out the structure and function of ribosomes. Find more videos and info at www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:01:45.750
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Rna synthesis (transcription), part 1 of 9

Lecture by Kevin Ahern of Oregon State University discussing the synthesis (transcription) of RNA from DNA in BB 350. This course can be taken for credit (wherever you live) via OSU's ecampus. For details, see ecampus.oregonstate.edu See the full course at oregonstate.edu Download Metabolic Melodies at www.davincipress.com
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Length: 00:11:13.500
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Physiology; transcription, translation & the formation of urea & uric acid by professor fink

Review of Transcription, Translation & the Formation of Urea & Uric Acid. The Lecture includes reference to the Gene locus (segment or exon), sense strand, RNA Polymerase, messenger (m-) RNA, ribosome, transfer (t-) RNA, codon (triplet), anticodon, peptide bonds, polypeptide chain, Genetic Mutations, Genetic Diseases The Lecture also reviews the metabolism (anabolism & catabolism) of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, including: deamination, Liver, urea, Nucleic Acids, nucleotides, uric acid, BUN, hyperuricemia, gouty Arthritis (gout).
Category: Education
Length: 00:36:40.500
Tags: RNA Polymerase .

Protein synthesis claymation

I know the animation and photo quality aren't all that great, but it took a while. I made it with JPEG video, a stop motion animation program and I edited it in Windows Movie Maker. It is 15 frames per second and 341 pictures. This video shows transcription of DNA to RNA and translation of RNA to a polypeptide. Here is a slightly more detailed explanation of what is happening because a few things had to be cut: The DNA polymerase (not shown in movie) unzips the DNA. Then the RNA forms, by matching each guanine (G) of the DNA to RNA's cytosine (C) and vice versa; and matching each thymine (T) to adenine (A); and each A to uracil (U). In the movie, T is red, C is brown, G is blue, A is yellow, and U is green. The movie doesn't show this, but the RNA is made by matching each nucleotide one at a time, instead of coming in fully formed as the movie depicts. The enzyme called RNA polymerase is what catalyzes this process, but that also isn't shown in the movie. The DNA goes back together in helix form and the mRNA (messenger RNA, which was just made) moves to the ribosome, an organelle. The ribosome is made up of protein and RNA called rRNA (ribosomal RNA). This is where translation begins. Only two codons (a section of RNA with three nucleotides) can fit in the ribosome at a time. The tRNA (transfer RNA), which are the brown crosses with nucleotides, come into the ribosome. The nucleotides on the bottom of the tRNA, called anti-codons, match the codons of the mRNA. Each tRNA ...
Category: Education
Length: 00:00:19.500
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Dna transcription (advanced)

Transcription is the process by which the information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein production. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: "DNA makes RNA makes protein" Here the process begins. Transcription factors assemble at a specific promoter region along the DNA. The length of DNA following the promoter is a gene and it contains the recipe for a protein. A mediator protein complex arrives carrying the enzyme RNA polymerase. It manoeuvres the RNA polymerase into place... inserting it with the help of other factors between the strands of the DNA double helix. The assembled collection of all these factors is referred to as the transcription initiation complex... and now it is ready to be activated. The initiation complex requires contact with activator proteins, which bind to specific sequences of DNA known as enhancer regions. These regions may be thousands of base pairs distant from the start of the gene. Contact between the activator proteins and the initiation-complex releases the copying mechanism. The RNA polymerase unzips a small portion of the DNA helix exposing the bases on each strand. Only one of the strands is copied. It acts as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule which is assembled one sub-unit at a time by matching the DNA letter code on the template strand. The sub-units can be seen here entering the enzyme through its intake hole and they are joined ...
Category: Education
Length: 00:01:25.500
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Life cycle of an mrna

www.bimatics.blogspot.com Life Cycle of an mRNA - Animated tutorial
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Length: 00:01:32.250
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Animation: the central dogma

The 'Central Dogma' of molecular biology is that 'DNA makes RNA makes protein'. This anime shows how molecular machines transcribe the genes in the DNA of every cell into portable RNA messages, how those messenger RNA are modified and exported from the nucleus, and finally how the RNA code is read to build proteins. The video was made by RIKEN Omics Science Center (RIKEN OSC www.osc.riken.jp ) for the exhibition titled 'Beyond DNA' held at National Science Museum of Japan. RIKEN OSC has published in Nature Genetics on the regulation of RNA expression in human cancer cells: www.nature.com
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:08:06
Tags: transcription translation .

Ribosome

Ribosome The ribosome is the heart of protein biosynthesis. The ribosome reads the genetic information from messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates this information into the production of proteins, using amino acids delivered by transfer RNA (tRNA). Located in the cytoplasm, eukaryotic ribosomes are large assemblies formed by four ribosomal RNAs and about 80 ribosomal proteins. The ribosome is composed of two subunits: the smaller subunit, called the 40S in eukaryotes, binds to the mRNA, whereas the larger subunit, called the 60S in eukaryotes, binds to the tRNA and amino acids. The complete structure of the yeast ribosome was obtained by combining cryo-electron microscopy maps with modeling of homologous RNA and protein components (PDB ID 3JYW).
Category: Education
Length: 00:00:12
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Mrs. newson's dna rap.

what a way to teach huh?
Category: Education
Length: 00:01:20.250
Tags: transcription translation .

Rna structure

This video describes the structure of RNA. This video is from: Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Edition Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, & Walter ISBN: 978-0-8153-4129-1
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:02:09.750
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Synthesis of pre-rrna and mrna is directed to a chromatin-poor compartment in the macronucleus of t

From the Springer article: Synthesis of pre-rRNA and mRNA is directed to a chromatin-poor compartment in the macronucleus of the spirotrichous ciliate Stylonychia lemnae www.springerlink.com by: Postberg, Jan; Alexandrova, Olga; Lipps, Hans J.; A 3D reconstruction illustrates that delimitated chromatin spots occasionally observed in the interior of nucleolar bodies in single optical sections are built up by chromatin invaginations into such a body, showing that they in fact are localized beyond the interior of these spherical structures. The surface was rendered using To-Pro-3 counterstaining. AVI movie file (2.9 Mb). Journal: Chromosome Research Vol. 14 Issue 2 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-006-1033-x Published: 2006-03-01
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Length: 00:00:00.750
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Biology song-transcription and protein synthesis

Lyrics: Wake up in the mornin, transcript my DNA I've got my RNA polymerase, it's gonna split these strands When it unzips, it's gonna bind to new RNA And when it's done, it's gonna reform the DNA I'm talkin messenger RNA strands, strands Formin on my hands, hands Startin on promoters, moters A codon is three nitro-bases, which makes an amino acid Which forms polypeptides... Don't stop, synthesize, transfer RNA Just base pair, with anticodons All up on those ribosomes Tik tok, translate, through the nucleus with uracil Oh, oh, oh, oh NO, NO THYMINE Don't stop, synthesize, transfer RNA Just base pair, with anticodons All up on those ribosomes Tik tok, translate, through the nucleus with uracil Oh, oh, oh, oh NO, NO THYMINE
Category: Entertainment
Length: 00:02:35.250
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Exosome

Exosome The eukaryotic exosome is essential for RNA processing and RNA decay, which is catalyzed by its 3-to-5 nuclease activity. The exosome is present in archaea and all eukaryotic cells from protozoa to mammals, and it resides in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Substrates of the exosome include messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and many species of small RNAs. The core of the eukaryotic exosome contains nine subunits that form a ring-like structure. In the yeast exosome, two additional subunits, Rrp44 and Rrp6, provide two hydrolytic nucleases. Here, the X-ray crystal structure of the yeast Rrp44-Rrp41-Rrp45 exosome subcomplex at 3.0 Å resolution (PDB ID 2WP8) is superimposed onto the structure of the 9 subunit human exosome (Exo-9) at 3.35 Å (PDB ID 2NN6). The molecular model reveals a channeling mechanism for RNA binding and successive degradation.
Category: Education
Length: 00:00:12
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From rna to protein synthesis

RNA is synthesized from DNA, and enters the ribosome where protein translation and synthesis occurs.
Category: Howto & Style
Length: 00:02:07.500
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3d animations - cell signals dolan dna learning center.mp4

A signaling pathway begins with the arrival of a chemical signal -- such as a hormone or growth factor -- at the cell surface. The gray structures sticking out of the cell membrane are receptors for these incoming signals. The signal, in this case a platelet-derived growth factor (here in purple and blue), encounters and binds to its matching receptor. A second receptor protein joins in, making the growth factor fit like a key in a lock. The binding of the growth factor causes the receptors to change shape. This change in the protein will be conducted through the membrane and into the cell's interior -- the cytoplasm. The signal is conducted through the cell membrane, into the cytoplasm. The binding of the growth factor outside the cell has caused the ends of the receptor (in gray) to intertwine and activate each other (shown as yellow flashes of light). Once active, the modified receptor ends interact with messenger proteins that will carry the signal through the cytoplasm. From our position in the cell's cytoplasm, we can see the ends of the receptor (in gray) being drawn together as the growth factor outside the cell binds. The receptor ends activate each other before binding an adaptor molecule (shown in pink) and an exchange factor (shown in light purple). An important protein in this pathway, known as Ras (shown in red) then swings around to be activated. Ras, in turn, activates three white "Raf" proteins, before another protein (shown in blue) moves in to ...
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Length: 00:07:11.250
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Group i intron splicing (part 1)

A stop motion video outlining key features of ribozyme splicing by group I introns. Part 1 explains the importance of secondary structure and the internal guide sequence in positioning the reactive substrates, and shows the chemical reaction of splicing.
Category: Education
Length: 00:04:19.500
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Dna mutations | genetics | biology

To purchase this program please visit www.greatpacificmedia.com Segment from the program DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis: Information to Structure. DVD Description Our DNA DVD looks first at the structure of DNA before going on to describe how DNA carries out its four major functions: the storage of information; the replication of information; creating slight changes in the information through mutations that forces of natural selection act upon; and the translating of information into the proteins that define an individual. During this discussion students are introduced to: point mutations; insertions and deletions; the genetic code; transfer, messenger, and ribosomal RNA; and the process of replication and translation.
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Length: 00:04:06
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Antibiotics targeting ribosomes: prof. ada yonath, nobel prize in chemistry 2009

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Length: 00:01:31.500
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Protein synthesis: translation process

In the translation process, interpretation of genetic codes in form of codon along mRNA would create a particular protein. The translator is the transfer RNA (tRNA) which has three nucleoide (anticodon) specific for each type of amino acid. The anticodon bond to the complementary codon of the mRNA and transfering amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome.
Category: Education
Length: 00:01:06.750
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The function of mrna

MRNA is important in producing proteins
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Length: 00:01:01.500
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Dna | genetics | biology

Protein synthesis, translation (1)

Protein Synthesis, Translation Translation - the process of converting the mRNA codon sequences into an amino acid polypeptide chain. 1. Initiation - A ribosome attatches to the mRNA and starts to code at the FMet codon (usualy AUG, sometimes GUG or UUG). 2. Elongation - tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid to each codon as the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand. 3. Termination - Reading of the final mRNA codon (aka the STOP codon), which ends the sythesis of the peptide chain and releases it.
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Length: 00:01:42
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3.5.4 explain the process of translation leading to polypeptide formation.m4v

3.5.4 Explain the process of Translation, leading to polypeptide formation Translation is the second stage in the process of protein synthesis where a piece of mRNA (formed in Transcription) is used to create a polypeptide chain. Key terms: mRNA (messenger RNA) is made up of codons tRNA (transfer RNA) contains an anticodon which defines the specific amino acid carried by the tRNA Translation takes place in the cytoplasm and the first thing that happens is that the ribosome attaches to the mRNA at the start codon (always AUG). The ribosome is made up of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and ribosomal protein. The ribosome has an 'A' site (consider this like an attachment site) and a 'P' site (consider this like a parking site). A piece of tRNA with an anticodon complimentary to the start codon on mRNA comes from the cytoplasm, carrying a specific amino acid, to attach at the start codon in the 'P' site. The first amino acid is always Methionine. A second piece of tRNA with an anticodon complimentary to the second codon on mRNA comes from the cytoplasm, carrying a specific amino acid, to attach to the second codon in the 'A' site. In this case the second amino acid is Tyrosine. A covalent peptide bond forms between the two amino acids. The ribosome moves along the mRNA by one codon. The second tRNA is now in the 'P' site and the 'A' side is free. The first piece of tRNA is now free to leave as its amino acid is now bonded to the second amino acid (whose tRNA is in the 'P' site). With ...
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:02:26.250
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Protein synthesis in the cell is a miracle

Every process in the body takes place by way of proteins. For that reason, every cell needs protein at every moment. As a result, protein needs to be manufactured in the body every second. The place in the cell where protein is manufactured is the DNA. When any of the 100 trillion or so cells in the body needs protein, a message is sent to the DNA by way of hormones. The proteins in DNA, in other words enzymes, go into action in order to take the code necessary for the protein to be manufactured from the DNA. The way that enzymes find the information needed to be able to manufacture a single protein is like trying to FIND A SINGLE PAGE in an encyclopedia of 1000 volumes. That part of the DNA containing this code is opened up. Enzymes open up the relevant part of the helix and hold it open as far as the end of the section the relevant code will be extracted from. There is no need for any other sections to be opened up. While these enzymes hold open the edges of the section needed for the code, another enzyme arrives on the scene and produces a copy of the section in question. The extracted copy is called "messenger RNA." The messenger RNA sets out for the factory where the protein is to be manufactured. The messenger RNA carefully transports the copy and leaves the nucleus. There are gatekeepers waiting at the exit from the nucleus during this stage. They decide what can enter the nucleus or not and open the gate accordingly. The gate is always opened for messenger RNA ...
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:04:33
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A general overview of translation & protein trafficking

Translation is the third stage of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein. In Bacteria, translation occurs in the cell's cytoplasm, where the large and small subunits of the ribosome are located, and bind to the mRNA. In Eukaryotes, translation occurs across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of tRNAs with complementary anticodon sequences to that of the mRNA. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is "read" by the ribosome in a fashion reminiscent to that of a stock ticker and ticker tape. More info: Spongelab Biology: www.spongelab.com/biology
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Length: 00:00:45.750
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Our other world: the cell ribosome part 7

I reduced my size to ten billionth of a meter and lead a tour of the inside of a human cell
Category: Science & Technology
Length: 00:02:26.250
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Www.dnatube.com rnai interference video

www.dnatube.com RNA interference (also called "RNA-mediated interference", abbreviated RNAi) is a mechanism for RNA-guided regulation of gene expression in which double-stranded ribonucleic acid inhibits the expression of genes with complementary nucleotide sequences. Conserved in most eukaryotic organisms, the RNAi pathway is thought to have evolved as a form of innate immunity against viruses and also plays a major role in regulating development and genome maintenance. The RNAi pathway is initiated by the enzyme dicer, which cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to short double-stranded fragments of 20--25 base pairs. One of the two strands of each fragment, known as the guide strand, is then incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and base-pairs with complementary sequences. The most well-studied outcome of this recognition event is a form of post-transcriptional gene silencing. This occurs when the guide strand base pairs with a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and induces degradation of the mRNA by argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. The short RNA fragments are known as small interfering RNA (siRNA) when they derive from exogenous sources and microRNA (miRNA) when they are produced from RNA-coding genes in the cell's own genome. The RNAi pathway has been particularly well-studied in certain model organisms such as the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the flowering plant Arabidopsis ...
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Length: 00:03:30
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Protein synthesis (translation), part 1 of 7

Lecture by Kevin Ahern of Oregon State University discussing the synthesis (translation) of protein from mRNA in BB 350. This course can be taken for credit (wherever you live) via OSU's ecampus. For details, see ecampus.oregonstate.edu See the full course at oregonstate.edu Download Metabolic Melodies at www.davincipress.com
Category: Education
Length: 00:07:15.750
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